Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Alcohol Problems in Hospitality Industry Research Paper

Alcohol Problems in Hospitality Industry - Research Paper Example So the government always put more emphasize on this industry. â€Å"Hospitality industry is a major employer. The industry includes service sector work like tourism and food service. It suffers from more economic fluctuations compared to its peer industries† (Hospitality Industry par. 1). A Business Problem: For the sustaining and success of every establishment the most important thing is the identification of its problems and solving it. In this context, the clear identification of the problem is the bigger issue. â€Å"If I had only one hour to save the world, I would spend fifty-five minutes defining the problem, and only five minutes finding the solution." ~ Albert Einstein† (Problem Definition par. 1). Through the words of Albert Einstein, we can make sure that, the solution is always depends upon the definition of problem. How better the defining of a problem determine the quality of the out coming solution. The existing gap between the desired state and the actua l state is called problem and when it happens to a business it is called problem. Problem analysis and solving the problem all are the preceding of the defining of the problem. To get the right solution which can make the business successful, the problem defining should be very clear. Here the problem is defined as the ‘Alcohol Problems in Hospitality Industry’ â€Å"Service professionals and those that work in the hospitality industry could be at risk for developing unhealthy drinking practices, and it is important to be aware of the dangers† (Warning – Hospitality Workers May Be at Risk for Alcohol Abuse par. 1). The main damages that have been recognized in the pressure of alcohol consumption have leaded the hospitality industry to witness a numerous problems. The restaurants and bars that serve drinks to human are equally involved in disaster and are lawfully in charge for damage. It is complained frequently about the alcohol consumption of employees w orking in the hospitality industry. This problem has been identified as result of finding out the reasons behind why people hesitate to bring their family to some places. In support to this a study of students is consulted. The following report contains the data from two surveys in two different sectors of service, which we can use for understand the case. In the initial survey from three different colleges 84 students were interviewed employees working in hotel service in concerning their alcohol practice by using the testing device called Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). The second study was focused on service employees working in restaurants in a particular area. Exactly One hundred and five samples had been taken and the respondents answered the AUDIT questionnaire in the survey very properly. The comparison of the results of two studies showed that the hotel and restaurant associated persons scored considerably higher on the survey by AUDIT than the respondent s from other service sectors. The first survey which conducted by 84 students from three different colleges show that the effective survey can bring out the things and the second survey showed that restaurant workers scored considerably higher than people in other areas of the service industry. â€Å"A new analysis of government data finds that 15 percent of employees in the hospitality industry suffer from serious alcohol-related problems† (Hospitality Industry Worst for Alcohol-Related Problems par. 1). The steps to solve the business problem are as following: Take the time to

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Defect tracking system

Defect tracking system Introduction:- The system which enables to detect the defect or bugs is known as Defect tracking system. It is also referred as bug tracking system. This system not only detects the bugs but also provides complete information about the detected bugs. The use of bug tracking systems as a tool to manage maintenance activities is extensive in which the systems serve as a central repository for monitoring the progress of bug reports, requesting additional information from reporters, and discussing potential solutions for fixing the bug(Zimmermann et al, 2007). The main advantage of a bug-tracking system is that it provides a clear centralized overview of development requests including bugs and improvements, and their state. During defining the product roadmap, the valuable input is provided by prioritized list of pending. The information provided in bug reports is used by developers to identify the cause of defect and narrow down the reasonable files that need fixing. According to the customer requirements, the developers develop the project. The quality checker identifies the bugs during the testing phase. When n number of bugs is encountered, then tester adds the bug id and information in the database. The quality checker reports to both developer and project manager. For both the developer and project manager, the bug details in the database table are accessible. Many bug-tracking systems like which are used by most open source software projects, allow users to enter bug reports directly, whereas other systems are used only internally in a company or organization doing software development. Usually, bug tracking systems are integrated with other software project management applications. Bud tracking system is essential in software development and they are used widely by companies developing softwar e products. In a corporate environment, a bug-tracking system is used for generating reports on the productivity of programmers at fixing bugs. Sometimes, this yields inaccurate results as different bugs may have different levels of severity and complexity. The severity of a bug is not directly related to the complexity of fixing the bug. According to Bettenburg et al, 2008 A survey conducted amongst developers from the APACHE, ECLIPSE, and MOZILLA projects found out which information items are considered useful to help resolve bugs and found that items such as stack traces, steps to reproduce, observed and expected behavior, test cases, and screenshots ranked high on the list of preferred information by developers. Breu et al (2009) suggest that previous research has shown that reporters often omit these important items and developers are then forced to actively solicit information from reporters and, depending on their responsiveness, this may stall development. This affects the bug fixing mechanism as the bugs take long time to be fixed. This results in the gathering of unresolved bugs in the databases. The main reason for this is that most bug tracking systems today have ended up by just becoming a complex search engine with too big databases of reported bugs but do not help in any way is resolving a bug. Due to this, the work of the developers is more difficult as resolving the bug is limited to the prior experience of the developer which may or may not be sufficient in resolving the bug on his own. Also, the tracking becomes more difficult because of the bugs. The situation may go worse if the developer is working n multiple projects. Since most of the current systems have too many complex interfaces and roles and limited access, tracking and fixing bugs became a difficult job for the developers today. Aims:- The aim of this research is to study the bug and the mechanisms to resolve and its life cycle in which it is determined how the bug arises and its consequences. Research Questions:- What is a bug and how to evaluate the origin of it and its effect on normal flow of software? How to determine the complete life cycle of a bug and its flow from one stage to another? How track all the raised bugs and find a solution to them through automated software tools? What are the different software tools available in the market and the variation among them? Literature Review:- The metric used for verification signoff is referred as Bug tracking. An automated bug tracking tool is required to keep track of various bugs raised and resolved. The bug tracking tools makes it simpler for analyzing the progress using metrics and reports. Best bug tracking tool should be selected in order to fulfill the requirements. Freeware bug tracking tools takes long time to set up, and are not user friendly or supported. Bugzilla bug tracking database, GNATs bug database, Debian bug tracking system are such bug tracking tools. Some special often used features are present in expensive bug tracking tools which are not worth of cost. Bug tracking software cost varies from free to thousands of dollars. Now, bug tracking systems which are web-based and require no installation of client software are available. Whereas old bug tracking systems are client based, requires client server installation and each user needs to install client software. If various users are located at distant places and are connected through internet web based, then bug tracking is the best solution (Leena Singh, Leonard Drucker, Neyaz Khan, 2004). The information recorded by a Bug Tracking System mainly depends on system, organizational necessities and its design. Bug Tracking System allows a defect it is named as priority. But some of the systems support both severity and priority. In this Priority of a defect is frequently based on business reasons and not technical reasons (Karl Eugen Kurbel, 2008). In Bug Tracking system we will keep track of the bugs initiate by our authentication system. We can obtain the Bug Tracking System for free of cost or we can purchase. Bug tracking system shows the feedback mechanism when we have design it and this information will be useful (Peet James, 2004). Bug tracking tools:- There are a number of ways to keep track of software bugs from spreadsheet based schemes or informal email to expensive third party bug tracking software. The best solution for organization depends on the size of the group, level of formality around bug fixing, nature of the software (Nicholas A. Solter, Scott J. Kleper, 2005) Some of the features of bug tracking tools are as follows: Browsers which are being used should be supported by web based bug tracking system. Since mostly free bug systems are Linux based, they do not work well with Windows. Bug tracking system should be robust, lightweight and fast. Should have minimal system requirements and maintenance. Should be easily installed and efficient to use. Should be platform independent and database system independent. File attachment should be supported. Multiple projects and access control should be supported (Leena Singh, Leonard Drucker, Neyaz Khan, 2004) The popular free tool for bug tracking is Bugzilla which is written by the authors of Mozilla web browser. A number of useful features are accumulated by Bugzilla. Some of the features are as follows: Customizable settings for a bug, including its status, priority, associated component and so on. Notifications of new bug reports or changes to an existing report through email. Reporting and searching tools For filling and updating bugs, a web based interface is required. For a professional software development environment, bug tracking tools like Mozilla are becoming vital components. Records of previous bugs and their fixes are provided by bug tracking tools in addition to a central list of currently open bugs. Bugzilla is used by a support engineer to search for a problem similar to one reported by a customer (Nicholas A. Solter, Scott J. Kleper, 2005). Uses of bug tracking:- An effective bug tracking system is important for quick design of complex blocks and systems. A central database which collects all the known bugs and desired enhancements allows the whole team to know the state of the design and prevents designers from debugging the known problems several times. It also makes sure that known problems are not forgotten. Bug rate tracking is another main use for bug tracking. In most projects, a well defined curve is followed by the bug rate reaching peak value early in the integration phase and declining as testing becomes tougher. The most effective testing and debug strategy for any phase of the project can be defined by the current bug rate and position on the curve. When integration begins, then usually formal bug tracking also begins, that is when the work of two or more designers is combined in to a larger block. At all stages of design, some form of bug tracking is required (Pierre Bricaud, 2002). Bug Tracking Software:- When we are reinventing the wheel or starting development of a particular thing Tools should be the used. So many web application development teams use large number of Bug tracking and management systems they are already available. By using these tools we can meet your needs as flexible. In this we are select some tools and they are written in the same language as our application and we are storing their data in the same backend database. By doing this customization and incorporation of our work should be easy (Cal Henderson, 2006). In this we will examine the popular choice and compare the main features they are offering. Commercial Bug Tracking software is very expensive. Spending a lot of money on development tools is not a good idea. Many Bug Tracking Tools are available. They are Fogbugz Bug Tracker Mantis Bug Tracker Request Tracker Bugzilla Fogbugz Bug Tracker:- Fogbugz (http://www.fogcreek.com/fogbugz/) is a Bug tracking and simple project management tool created by Fog Creek software. In this Fogbugz Bug tracking tool there are two versions available for writing, one for windows/Unix/Os X using PHP and another for windows server using Asp. Unix/Os X version stores its data using MYSQL, while windows can store its data in either jet, SQL Server (Cal Henderson, 2006). Pros: It is very simple to use It has good support because it is an actively developed product For our own applications we are using My Sql is the backend for storage it allows easy integration. Cons: Fogbugz is not free software for small teams the costs between $100 and $130 per developer. In this advanced features are deficient. Mantis Bug Tracker:- Mantis Bug Tracker (http://www.mantisbt.org/) is an Open source Bug tracking application. And this is written in PHP and sores its issue data using My Sql by using an experimental support of Postgre SQL. This product is wide and active for user base and active developers. Pros: It is very easy to install. In this Installation script will be simple. In this we are written our application in PHP and that stores its issues by using MYSQL so Integration and modification of our application will be easy. In this we have Active developer community. Cons: In this there are few features not as many features like as Bugzilla or RT (Cal Henderson, 2006) Request Tracker (RT):- Request Tracker (http://www.bestpractical.com/rt/) was created in 1996 by Best practical solutions. In this we are writing the issues in Perl, and stores the issues in either Oracle or Mysql ,PostgresSQL. RT supports more databases. Request Tracker is designed mainly to handle the issues initiate of the users and by using this issues we can easily entered into the system through email and the system acts as log of email conversations between the issue administrator and the user. Pros: For crating issues there is a good Email support. In this we are using so many variety of databases for storage the issues , so it is easy to integrate with our application Cons: In this we are using Email-oriented approach for creating an issues it is well suited for users reporting problems, but not it is good in Bug tracking development issues. In this Interfaces are designed by programmers and they provide huge number of features but it is difficult to implement them. Bugzilla:- In 1998 Bugzilla (http://www.bugzilla.org/) was introduced by the people at the Mozilla foundation. Bugzilla using MYSQL for its storage and write the issues in Perl, and even though PostgreSql is also used for storage. Bugzilla is a highly active developer community and it is established product with lot of features (Cal Henderson, 2006). Pros: It has many features. In this we are using MySql for storage by this linkage will be directly into our application. With dynamic developer base it is well tested (Cal Henderson, 2006). The Life Cycle of a Bug:- Bugs will occur in software both before and after its release in engineering groups. There are number of ways to deal these problems. In this process bug is always filled by member of QA team. In this the development manager gets the notification from the bug reporting software. And in this development manager sets the priority to the bug and assigns the bug to the particular module owner. In this the module owner can accept the bug and give it to the development manager. Once the bug is found its rightful owner and the developer symbols the bug is fixed (Nicholas A. Solter, Scott J. Kleper, 2005). The bug is assigned to the developers by the Development TL and translates that bug into assigned status. The Development Team Leader is responsible for allocating tasks, planning and he has a broad view in all the factors and he is responsible for allocating the resources for Bug fixing. The bug is fixed and the Unit testing is performed on the particular bug. Thus the bug is translated i nto resolved status. Then the original finder tester re-tests the bug fix, to make sure that it is completely fix. The Testing Team Leader translates the bug into concluded status and this takes the bug life cycle to end. After that, it has a successful initial implementation, enhancement tend to turn up into an idle stage (Jyrki Kontio, Reidar Conradi, 2002). Bug Tracking Annoyances:- In Bug Tracking System we are facing so many problems apart from of which system is used. In this section we are discussing some of the annoyances Multiplying Products:- In this we have very simple values for Bugs information. They are a string of text is used to describe to bug or a problem, the name of the person assigned to a bug. In this the field holds only one value at a time, and those things are very simple. In this when one field can have various values at the same time every one becomes more complex. In this we have to possible we are avoiding the fields with multiple values .By avoiding these multiple values for a fields they tend to make writing useful information much harder. We are imagining a Bug Tracking Tool which contains only three fields in its bugs. They are Owner, Description, and Product. In this Owner is a single value field. That means only one person owns a bug at a time. Description is a text string. And the Product is the multi valued fields; it represents special products that are exaggerated by a bug (Matthew B. Doar, 2005). One Bug, Multiple Releases:- A Bug is a group of various Releases that the bug exists in. In this Bug Tracking System it is the simplest way to deal the bug is abscond the information about the affected releases. We are maintaining a Spreadsheet for each and every Release and it is easy to organize with the development team for identifying where the bug is fixed. This approach is tiresome and make flat to error. But it is common on smaller projects. Another approach for handle a bug is to prepare two copies of an original bug and we are changing the value for the release found in each of the two bugs. In this Bug Tracking System each of the copies will have its own unique bug identifier. This approach is very useful we know the bug count for each and every release. And some of the Bug Tracking Systems support duplicating bugs mostly. In this Bug Tracking System disadvantage is information will regularly be added to just one copy and not the others. The main disadvantage is that developers, customers and product managers locate it difficult to maintain which bug is fixed in which release. In some of the Bug Tracking Tools maintain to support adding multiple releases for a bug. But their reports are not robust as might be expected when we are using the multiple release values. Keeping track of Bugs in multiple releases of a product it is hard to automatically and not suit in existing Bug Tracking Tools (Matthew B. Doar, 2005). Severity Inflation:- In this we have fields for many bugs to indicate how severe the bug is. One common series of values goes like this: Severity one means The bug stops the product, and no workaround is possible; Severity two is Workaround is possible and the bug stops the product. In severity three and 4 The bug breaks a minor part of the product and The bug makes impatience. A severity field is often more flat to distortion than for internal use for customers. When we are changing the value of a customers severity field it occurs a problem. If you are increasing the severity, the customer is worried whether the problem is superior issue. When you are decreasing the severity, then we have to minimize our stress. Customizing the Bug Tracking System:- One common customization is changing the state of a bug in order to make them better to fit in the projects presented workflow. The administrator of the system changes the name of the name of the system for each field (Matthew B. Doar, 2005). Research method and research methodology:- The researches that are conducted by the researchers adopted various methodologies above lots of existence which depend basically on their models or examples of thinking (Paradigm) on how they analysis the humanity (Ontology) and the manner they gain the information (epistemology). Basically, for conducting IS researches there are three types of paradigms are present namely: 1) POSITIVIST (the scientific method):- The reasons as a way of considerations for the human actions and the philosophical thoughts of French philosopher August Comte, who emphasized the observations and was based by the positive paradigm of exploring social reality. The intelligence of proper understanding and experience can be obtained by the estimation of the positivism researchers and it is based by the research and observation, this is inside the framework of the supposition and main beliefs of science. Positivist is the existed technique of IS research discovered from the work of Newton, Bacon, and Galileo. This variety of explore advocate quantitative modelling, laboratory experiment and empirical survey are the honourable methods of IS research. There are two crucial assumptions in this process: Our world is normal and controlled not indiscriminate. We can examine it neutrally. The fundamental techniques of this method embrace the following: Reductionism: Breaking down of intricate belongings into less significant pieces for research work. Repeatability: Research troubles/Assumptions are conducted in multiples, frequently by special persons in order to prove the dependability of the consequences. Reputation: In this advance research the results are redundant if the end result of the researchers might not prove the unusual result. It is relatable to point out that positivist researchers who apply other research strategies when the scientific scheme is not squashy preferred results (Oates, 2006, 286). Thus what amalgamate positivist researchers is the shared observation that; The globe exists in competition of humans. Modeling and Measurement. Objectivity: Impartial Observer and Neutral. Quantitative data analysis: The use of arithmetic and statistics in analyzing information. Universal laws: The fact natural history of research and capability to oversimplify. These positivists consider of habitually American IS researchers were contested at a seminar in Manchester in 1994 by the greater part of their European generations, (Avgerou, 2000). They however proposed the use of qualitative methods, such as case study, survey research as equally valid methods of research. Some of their criticism includes: Reduction: It is not always probable to accomplish desired consequences by breaking down the things. For example most commercial organizations required to be premeditated as a complete to achieve the immense picture of effects. Repetition: It is extremely complex to replicate a meticulous research accurately because of definite human changes and or surroundings. Generalization: It is completely prejudiced to oversimplify human being performance/views because people are produced in a different way, special conditions and atmosphere. For example the How thorn distress theory where employers preceded in their own ways at different social locations. Nation too has different views/perceptions regarding the humanity. 2) INTERPRETIVITISM:- By giving meaning to this social authenticity is interpreted and viewed by the personality herself according to ideological situation she posses. For that reason awareness is individually qualified relatively than acquired obligatory from outer surface. Computing and Interpretive research in IS, is distressed with consideration of the social circumstance of an information system: the social procedure through which its developed, construed by the people in the course of which it influences and its influenced by its social setting. (Oates, 2006, pg 292) Interpretive tries to survey, recognize and explains how the entire factors in a particular social settings which are autonomous and correlated to one another which is overlooked stubbornness by negative or appreciative an nearly known result, (e.g. hypothesis-all human beings have special manner of thinking). The plan is to produce an affluent accepting of a reflexively exclusive context and a structured invention of how human agents create good judgment of their superficial earth and how those perceptions modify ultimately and change from group or person to one more. Interpretivists distribute the subsequent characteristics: Multiple subjective realities: No solo report of the fact; differences in individual perceptions/beliefs, environmental power, communal and oddity in positions resolute what public take to be comprehensive or right or wrong, genuine. For example, sex edification would entirely be discarded as bad education, would be taken as a pasture of study in open-minded/societies socialist and gibberish in a severely religious society. Dynamic, socially constructed meaning: Knowledge, authenticity, right or wrong can simply be transmitted and accessed all the way through nevertheless another social medium, e.g. verbal communication. Researcher reflexivity: Researchers figure the research method with their own assumptions, principles, events and values. Trustworthiness: There is no sureness of the researchs authority. Conformability: Results of the research are additionally subjected to review check and the auditor also place himself into the unusual researchers shoe. Dependability: Questions of accurate certification and recording of the research procedure are for all period being asked. Credibility: Ambiguity in the sources of information, precision and explanation Transferability: The individuality scenery of examine subjects and situations rises the problem of transferability. Critical Research:- Jergen Habermas is the central protagonist of this theory who worked at the Frankfort school in Germany to increase an approach of investigation and achievement of social sciences which could express the historical services that limit human autonomy and representation the ideological explanation for those services. Dangerous researchers promote self-determination and broadmindedness in doing research. They coincide with the interpretivist which believes that social actuality is formed by public. Still, they argued that flush in social reality situation, definite services such as widespread economic situations; cultural and political ability tends to manipulate the people perceptions and believes. They disparage the interpretive for weakening to examine the patterns of authority and organize that normalize and legitimize meticulous ways of considering our planet. Critical standards could be viewed as an essential approach of research that goes ahead of interpreting social reality to asking questions/demanding those social realities. E.g. they asked the question why men outnumber women in municipal office. The seek of critical researchers is to spotlight on the power relations, conflicts and contradictions in our present humanity, and help to get rid of them as causes of estrangement and ascendancy. Understandings and Interpretation are presently not enough. Critical research is known for assessment of tradition, unrestraint, non-per formative target- discard research project that are expected at civilizing secretarial effectiveness for elevated productivity and better profit with least input (e.g. condensed labor). They condemn technological determinism mind-set and trust instead of that people and society can outline the technology that we build up. In analysis of the above, it may possibly recognize that there is no single preeminent standard; it all depends on the appropriateness and situation. For this reason the attitude of this research would be interpretive. This is because: The research would be in type of crate study and for the reality that case studies are frequently connected with the standard adopted, (Oates, 2006, pg. 300). The idea of revise is community knowledge (Jack, 2008). The lessons would be conducted in a managerial arrangement which flouting down would threat the full-size photograph. Research Strategies:- Research strategies may perhaps defined as the resources/traditions of getting data/information in research accomplishments. There are mixtures of strategies, however only four would be discussed. Case study: According to Benbasat et al (1987), A case study examines a phenomenon in its normal situations, employing numerous methods of records and collection of grouped information from one or a small number of entities (groups, people, or organizations). Advantages:- Case study is used wherever it is difficult to learn effects in separations (e.g. family of association). Much suitable when researcher has slight or no control over the research topic. Allow the researcher to answer how and why questions Disadvantages:- It is perceived as missing credibility and occasionally leads to simplification more than ever when the subjects are indiscriminately and consistently chosen. It is occasionally complicated to achieve contact to an association or groups or their traditional text and this might direct to impulsive results. Action Research:- According to Rapport (1970), Action research aims to donate mutually to the matter-of-fact concerns of people in an instantaneous challenging condition and to the goals of societal science by united cooperation contained by commonly tolerable principled framework. Action research is comparable to consultancy, where a group is looking for a resolution to an accessible trouble, but requires theoretical validation and unmitigated instance frame. It is added of group effort linking the practitioner and the researcher and change. However, it has a possible ethical dilemma when the practitioner refuses to put into action the research result. Advantages: It concentrates on research that is appropriate to people in genuine earth, bringing about definite improvements in performance, not just models and theories. It brings democratic system in the research course of actions. Disadvantages: It is not appropriate for citizens who are not enthusiastic on the subject of social equality in solving multifaceted, challenging, and changeable actual world situations. E.g. Military. It is easier said than done to persuade prospects and the needs of the people concerned. Ethnography:- Ethnographic research is one that the researcher assimilates the researchs area under discussion. He immerses himself as one of them. The researcher at this point becomes a contestant viewer. (Oates, 2006, 174-176). Advantages: Experience usual localities, draw together for more perfect records and have a complete representation of a scrupulous circumstances or work performance. It is excellent for studies where the issue of concentration is embedded and composite in a social system. Disadvantages: Dangerous, source overriding, and distraction from the definite focus of the research. It is not able-bodied for conventional as strategies used by positivist and it may perhaps redundant by inhabitants by means of systematic state of mind. Grounded Theory:- Grounded theory is a scrupulous come within reach of the qualitative research where the purpose is to achieve field research and then evaluate the facts to observe what theory emerges, so that the theory is stranded in the field data (Oates, 2006, pg 274). Strategy adopted: The strategy for this research endeavor would be case study for the cause that of: The elasticity to make use of numerous research instruments. It is appropriate for researches in society set of connections. Be short of resources and sample time. In spite of the piece of information that all strategies are first-class, although in next of kin to abnormal situations, the researcher feels case study would be further suitable for this picky research since: For Action research- the researcher proposes the subject matter and not been requested to work out the problems. Lack of time and resources is also a restraint. For Ethnography- the theory of research is in a business field and not in open surroundings. Time and resources are also deterrents. For Grounded theory- accurately, I lack in adequate proper understandings and proper knowledge to accomplish it. References:- Leena Singh, Leonard Drucker, Neyaz Khan (2004).Verification process. In Advanced verification techniques: a SystemC based approach for su

Friday, October 25, 2019

Intentions of Alexander II and the Failure of the Emancipation of the S

Intentions of Alexander II and the Failure of the Emancipation of the Serfs In the 19th century it was estimated that about 50 per cent of the 40,000,000 peasants in Russia were serfs, who worked on the land and were owned by the Russian nobility, the Tsar and religious foundations. This had been true for centuries; in 1861, however, this was all changed when Tsar Alexander II emancipated the serfs and gave them freedom from ownership. Alexander's decision was based on many reasons, and did not have the desired consequences, for the serfs at least. Therefore, it is possible to question Alexander's motives for such large reform, which this essay will do and will also look at why the emancipation, which had been anticipated for so long, was such a failure. In the mid and late nineteenth century the whole of western Europe underwent immense change, both economically and socially, due to the industrial revolution. Factories, railways and industrial cities were built at an astonishing rate, and trade between countries became even more important as agriculture became less important. In order to survive as a strong power in this new economic and social climate, Russia needed to be able to compete in industrial terms with the rest of the world, particularly as it's agriculture was under threat already. Even though four-fifths of the population were peasants, a prosperous and thriving faming economy had never fully developed, party because of the land itself - much of Russia lay too far north to have soil good enough for either crop-growing or cattle-rearing. From 1840 onwards, the need for serious reform became apparent to the Tsar ... ...of the Emancipation Act show that the real needs and wants of the serfs were not properly considered, and, although he probably believed that what he was doing was right for Russia, Alexander's reforms were based more on his fear of uprising and his vision of an industrialised Russia. Emancipation failed, therefore, because Alexander II forced a freedom onto the serfs that they were neither prepared for nor welcoming of. Bibliography www.spartacus.schoolsnet.co.uk www.pvhs.chico.k12.ca.us Access to History, Reaction and Revolutions: Russia 1881-1924 Michael Lynch (2000) Challenging History: Europe 1890-1990 [1] Michael Lynch, Russian 1881-1924 (2000) p. 10 [2] E Acton, Russia, p.75 (1986) [3] Russell Sherman, Russia 1815-81 (1992) p. 58 [4] Jake Axel, www.webserver.rcds.rye.ny.us

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Working in a group Essay

As noted in the lead group’s forum, â€Å"through observation, [Florence Nightingale] collected empirical evidence that supported her environmental theory and used it to develop evidence-based guidelines that other nurses faced with similar circumstances might find useful† (Selanders, 2010). Nightingale, in essence, was a pioneer to evidence-based nursing practice. She focused on the patient’s symptoms and examined possible environmental causes of these symptoms to steer the care given. McCurry, Revell, and Roy (2009) state that â€Å"nursing as a profession has a social mandate to contribute to the good of society through knowledge-based practice† (p. 42). No moves, however, can be made without a vision, or a formulation of what is wanted as the end result. This vision starts the process of producing a thought, or a philosophy; which can advance to a theory. Silva (1977) examines the research process by exploring the relationships among philosophy, science and theory. As a result of this analysis, she suggests that all nursing theory and research derives from our leads, or data, to philosophy. Silva also argues that information gleaned from philosophical introspection and intuition should be valued as much as that provided by scientific experimentation. Silva proposes that philosophical intuition is gained by having a thorough understanding of a subject; it is not simply a belief or idea without evidence. This is supported by advances in other fields, such as mathematics, that rely on reasoning, experience and logic and not solely on observation or experimentation. As a result, philosophical intuition can complement the scientific method and serve as another valid and promising means to obtain nursing knowledge. These steps are all intertwined to form future nursing care. Knowledge is built upon theories, for as Lauden (1984) noted, â€Å"problems constitute the questions of science, but theories constitute the answers† (McCurry et. al 2009, pg. 42). Theories are based on a hypothesis, data and research, as well as formulated models, or in essence paradigms. Whall and Hicks (2002) assert that for the discipline of nursing to maximize its research potential, multiple paradigms should be considered. Recognition of the value of philosophy in nursing is an important first step, after which the choice of how to use philosophical paradigms to frame research efforts can be made. As argued by the authors, the current generation of nursing students is integral in affecting change from a rigid either/or approach to positivist and postmodern influence in research to a more applicable both/and approach. Nursing affords researchers and clinicians the opportunity to appreciate the positivist medical model- A leads to B leads to C- while maintaining that each situation is subject to circumstance, culture, and an endless array of nuances, and these variables must be considered in research. Thus, the most appropriate approach is flexibility and utilization of both positivist and postmodernist philosophies, which will yield the most pertinent scientific results to apply to clinical settings. Experience in clinical settings will then inform philosophical approaches and theory development to facilitate best practice research. Despite the inarguable necessity of implementing well-researched, knowledge-based evidence in clinical practice, these readings suggest the importance of maintaining the holistic approach that defines nursing care throughout the process. References McCurry, M. K., Hunter Revell, S. M., Callista Roy, S. (2009). Knowledge for the good of the individual and society: linking philosophy, disciplinary goals, theory, and practice. Nursing Philosophy, 11(1), 42-52. Selanders, L. C. (2010). The power of the environmental adaptation: Florence Nightingale’s original theory for nursing practice. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 28(1), 81-88. Silva, M. (1977). Philosophy, science, theory: Interrelationships and implications for nursing research. Image, Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 29(3), 210-3. Whall, A.L., & Hicks, F.D. (2002). The unrecognized paradigm shift within nursing: implications, problems, and possibilities. Nursing Outlook, 50(2), 72-6.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Celebrating the Piano

This finest wood made this stringed low keyed, quiet musical instrument in 1157 Continuously sings quiet flowing harmonies Monotone pianississimo, pianoissimo, piano and mezzo piano lullaby’s Keep sounding from the piano’s vibrations. Flutes, saxophones and original pianos were used to create this harmonic based musical piece. The piano provided the ongoing harmonic sounds throughout the song. The overall tone was very simple, smooth and unaccented. The saxophone played lines four and five to highlight the action of the piano. The altos and tenors sang lines four and five adding more emphases on the pianos purpose. The sopranos sang the entire song. The flutes played the first three lines, to provide the introduction. Classical Musical Era; Play that funky music and make me dance with piano forte musical notes The strings are becoming more versatile through musical eras Play harmonic soft flowing lullaby’s for me The strings are taking us from the baroque to classical eras Still producing monotones, the musical sounds are altering my moods The harpsichord is taking us from one musical era into another Now adding more confusion and options to musicians The string dominated instrument is changing and creating musical history Dual musical instrument resulted from economic changes The string dominated musical instrument is requiring multitasking The 1750-1825 musical era developed The string dominated musical instrument is progressing through musical eras The harpsichord, now allowing the vibrations from the piano sounds to be heard by plucking strings, emphasized all even numbered lines. During the classical musical era, the bass played throughout the song, also providing the harmonic structure. An additional regular piano provided ongoing melody. To emphasize the variety and contrast, the violin interchanged with wind instruments, flutes, saxophones and xylophones. This musical piece used sopranos, since it was an opera. Romantic Era; Playing softly flowing harmonic sailing music In childrens darkened quiet room late at night Playing energetic, jazzy, upbeat, high and low notes While running through the water on a brightly lit sunny beach in mid daylight Quiet romantic monotone music piano music with lights down low Loud blaring music in nightclubs Comes from the piano progressing into a clavichord Playing dual notes or sounds simultaneously Various brass, or wind, instruments; trumpets, horns, trombone and tuba’s were used to bring out the obvious contrasts, and highlight the extreme tempos in this musical selection. Several different pianos were used, the classical piano, the clavichord and harpsichord in this piano concerto. The softer musical versions or the melodies were played on the lyrics accenting softness, lightness. The louder piano’s, horns and trumpets accented the â€Å"louder† lyrics, which played slower, bass notes. No singers were used for this musical selection. The focus was primarily on musical instrumentation. Modern Music; Play me a pop, rap, jazz, classical tune A ballad and a tempo Fom jazzy ragtime To Classical Chariots of Fire Play me a tune with lots of percussion Play me a tune with whole notes, quarter notes, half notes eighth and sixteenth notes Play it in 4/4   2/4 3/4 and 6/8 time Play the classic take five in 5/4 time This amazing piece of wood From the piano, harpsichord, clavichord to the organ Never fails to entertain in these modern times This was a full modern concert including various sheet music with mixture of   time signatures and strings, percussions wind, electronic instruments. Tap dancers were used contributing their won percussion. Singers, sopranos, altos, tenors and bass singing voices were used, each given specific roles to show the versatility of the different versions of the piano.   Ã‚  Tambourines, drums and clavichord were used to provide percussion on every line.   Belters were used everytime the purpose of the piano contrasted. There are no specific standards for modern music. It is whatever the musician wants to play. Originating in Paris, modern music can be primitivism, impressionism and expressionism, a combination of all historical musical era’s.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Ethical Dilemma in Healthcare Administration

Ethical Dilemma in Healthcare Administration Introduction Healthcare administration faces ethical dilemma in providing prime health services and maintaining the economic status of the healthcare system concurrently. The administration must stringently balance health services and economic issues that are intrinsic to the healthcare system. Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Ethical Dilemma in Healthcare Administration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hornbeak explains that, health care administrators have critical role â€Å"†¦in overseeing the moral conduct and missions of their institutions while at the same time maintaining the economic viability of those institutions, but these two major functions can clash and create dilemmas that complicate the practice of health administration† (2011, p. 1). The ethical issue regarding economic viability of health care institutions elicits ethical dilemma where two views arise. The first view questions how he alth care institutions can ethically concentrate the administrative functions on the issues of health only and remain economically viable and sustainable at the same time. The second view ethically doubts the administrative capacity to juggle both health care and economic issues, without compromising the primary role of offering quality health care in the society. Therefore, how does the health care administration resolve the ethical dilemma amidst demands of quality health care and economic constraints? Ethical dilemma Health care systems have a noble responsibility of ensuring that they provide quality health care services that are affordable and accessible to all people. Other responsibilities such as integration of business practices into the system seem to have encumbrance effect that would lead to compromised health care services. The integration of business practices into the health care system has elicited ethical concerns that have resulted into ethical dilemma in the adm inistrative responsibilities. The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) â€Å"expanded its patient rights standards to include requirements for assuring that hospital business practices would be ethical in 1995† (Laura, Cherry, Darragh, 2009, p.1). JCAHO established ‘patient rights and organization ethics’ that classified two types of ethics involved in health care administration; clinical and business ethics. Clinical ethics govern the relationship between healthcare and patients while business ethics deal with the relationship between health care and its suppliers.Advertising Looking for article on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Currently, the health care system is struggling to resolve the ethical dilemma that threatens to stall provision of quality health services and sustainable utilization of health care resources. Ethical concerns root for the dist inction and separation of clinical ethics and business ethics in order to avoid complications of the responsibilities in the health care system. Laura, Cherry and Darragh argue that, â€Å"while marketing and admission practices are seen as issues related to ‘business’ they can lead to unneeded admissions or demand for unneeded services, both of which can unnecessarily expose the patient to the risk of side effects or complications† (2009, p. 2). Without clinical and business ethics to streamline the relationship between essential and non-essential health care services, the business aspect would take precedence since profits is the ultimate objective. On the other extreme, stringent clinical ethics may render health care system economically unviable resulting into poor healthcare services. Therefore, health care systems have great challenge of resolving the ethical dilemma that threatens the quality provision of services and sustainability of resources. Health Care Ethics Historically, healthcare system has been focusing on the clinical ethics while neglecting the importance of business ethics. By doing this, the healthcare system erred because â€Å"†¦it sought to deal with specific clinical ethical issues before assessing the ethical organization life and ethical infrastructure of the whole system which has affected the resolution of the ethical dilemma† (Silva, 1998, p.26). Clinical ethics govern the relationship between the healthcare system and the patient by ensuring that health professionals do not comprise the quality of health services that patients receive. According to healthcare professional ethics, the primary goal of any health institutions is provision of quality, affordable, and accessible health care services that improve health standards of the people. However, integration of business ethics into the healthcare system is a threat to clinical ethics. Although the primary goal of the health care system is pro vision of quality services, it is impossible to sustain the use of available resources without venturing into business. Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Ethical Dilemma in Healthcare Administration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Health institutions are in strategic position to conduct lucrative businesses aimed at improving the quality of services they offer to patients. Faced with this truth, healthcare administrators have a challenge of balancing the clinical and business ethics because there is tendency to neglect clinical ethics and concentrate on the business ethics. Healthcare institutions have become business oriented in the United States since â€Å"†¦health care organizational culture has shifted from a service oriented one to a monetary oriented one characterized by product lines, stocks, profits, competition, megamergers and, ultimately, survival† (Silva, 1998, p. 3). The survival of the health care system may entail increasing the costs of services, falsifying diagnoses, admitting or discharging patients unprofessionally with the prime objective of earning profits. Solution to Ethical Dilemma To address the ethical dilemma in the healthcare system involving clinical and business ethics, the administration should focus its attention on building cultural and ethical infrastructure to regulate all activities in a health organization. In addition, the administration should instill ethical principles to healthcare professionals at all levels of the organization through education and strong leadership that advocates for the postulated ethics. Silva argues that, â€Å"in any attempt to change the values of an organization †¦ the contents of the existing organizational culture must be dealt with directly for positive change to occur† (1998, p. 4). Therefore, the issue of clinical and business ethics calls for cultural and ethical infrastructure for it to hav e a lasting solution. The resolution of the ethical dilemma requires an overhaul of organizational culture and ethics. Change in cultural and ethical infrastructure is imperative as it provides professional environment where ethics guide all healthcare practices. Advertising Looking for article on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Corporate leadership is not enough to transform cultural and ethical infrastructure because â€Å"not only the leaders but also the followers must ascribe to common, sound, and shared ethical values, just as unethical leadership can taint followers, morally tainted followers can impede or stop the goals of ethical leaders† (Laura, Cherry, Darragh, 2009, p. 7). Therefore, transformation of the cultural and ethical infrastructure needs concerted efforts of both the administrative and health professionals. Conclusion The ethical dilemma in the administration of healthcare system is affecting the delivery of quality services and sustainability of the health resources available. The healthcare system administrators face the challenge of striking a balance between clinical ethics that seek to provide standard services to the patients and business ethics that take care of the sustainability of health resources. Since both clinical and business ethics are critical in the healthcar e system, cultural and ethical infrastructure is essential for the resolution of the long-standing ethical dilemma and the realization of defined administrative roles. References Hornbeak, J. (2011). Health Administration Ethics. Spring Journal, 12, 1-10 Laura, J., Cherry, N., Darragh, M. (2009). Organizational Ethics and Health Care: Expanding Bioethics to the Institutional Arena. National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature, 9(5), 1-14. Silva, M. (1998). Organizational and Administrative Ethics in Health Care: An Ethics Gap. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 16, 1-11.

Monday, October 21, 2019

The Bargeboard Look of Victorian Wood Trim

The Bargeboard Look of Victorian Wood Trim Bargeboard is exterior house trim, usually ornately carved, that is attached along the roof line of a gable. Originally, this Victorian wood trim - also called vergeboard or verge board (verge being the end or edge of a thing) - Â   was used to hide the ends of rafters. It hangs from the projecting end of a gable roof. Bargeboards are often elaborately hand-crafted and found on homes in the Carpenter Gothic style and what is commonly known as the Gingerbread cottage. Bargeboards are also sometimes called gableboards and can attach to barge rafters, barge couples, fly rafters, and gable rafters. It is sometimes spelled as two words - barge board. It was commonly used throughout a growing and prosperous America in the late 1800s. Examples of bargeboard can be found on the Helen Hall House in West Dundee, Illinois (c. 1860, remodeled c. 1890) and a typical Victorian-era residence in Hudson, New York. Used as ornamentation, bargeboard must be maintained and replaced to keep the Victorian-era look on todays historic dwellings. Definitions of Bargeboard A board which hangs from the projecting end of a roof, covering the gables; often elaborately carved and ornamented in the Middle Ages.- Dictionary of Architecture and Construction Projecting boards placed against the incline of the gable of a building and hiding the ends of the horizontal roof timbers; sometimes decorated. - The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture In older homes, bargeboards may have already disintegrated, fallen off, and never replaced. The 21st century homeowner might consider adding this detail to restore a historic look to a neglected gable. Look at he many books that illustrate historic designs, and either make it yourself or contract out the job. Dover publishes several books including 200 Victorian Fretwork Designs: Borders, Panels, Medallions and Other Patterns (2006) and Roberts Illustrated Millwork Catalog: A Sourcebook of Turn-of-the-Century Architectural Woodwork (1988). Look for books that specialize in Victorian designs and house trim, especially for Victorian Gingerbread details. Why is it called barge board? So, what is a barge? Although barge can mean a type of boat, this barge comes from the Middle English word berge, meaning a sloping roof. In roof construction, a barge couple or barge rafter is the end rafter; a barge spike is a long spike used in timber construction; and a barge stone is the projecting stone when a gable is built of masonry. Bargeboard is always placed up near the roof, on the piece of roof that overhangs to form a gable. In revivals of Tudor and Gothic style architecture, the pitch of the roof can be very steep. Originally the end rafters - the barge rafters - would extend beyond the wall. These rafter ends could be hidden from view by attaching a bargeboard. The house could achieve greater decoration if the bargeboard was intricately carved. It was a functional architectural detail that has become purely ornamental and character defining. Maintenance of Victorian Wood Trim You can remove rotten bargeboard from a house without harming the structural integrity of the roof. The bargeboard is ornamental and is not necessary. However, you will change the appearance - even the character - of your home if you remove the bargeboard and do not replace it. Changing the style of a home is often not desirable. You do not have to replace rotted bargeboard with the same style if you dont want to, but youll have to check if youre in a historic district. Your local historic commission will want to see what youre doing and will often have good advice and sometimes even historic photos. You also can buy bargeboards. Today its sometimes called running trim or gable trim. Should I buy plastic bargeboard made of PVC so it wont rot? Well, you could, if your house is not in a historic district. However, because bargeboard is an architectural detail found on houses of certain historic eras, would you really want to use plastic? Youre right that PVC may last longer than wood and this trim area does have the potential for a lot of moisture runoff. But vinyl or aluminum that is sold as virtually no maintenance does require cleaning and repair, and its likely to age differently (for example, the color) than the other materials on your house. Mixing wood or masonry with plastic may make your house look a bit artificial. Bargeboard is a decorative detail that gives a house character. Think hard about detracting from the natural character of your home by using a synthetic material. Can I make my own bargeboard? Yes, you can! Buy a book of historical designs and experiment with different patterns and widths. Remember, though, that bargeboard will be easier to paint before you attach it to high places. You might even engage the local public school shop teacher to make your project into a student project. Ensure the proper permissions (e.g., historic commission, building code) before going ahead with any project that changes the look of your house. And remember - if it looks awful, you can always remove it and begin again. Sources Photo of Cape Cod Gingerbread Cottage by KenWiedemann/Getty ImagesPhoto of Helen Hall house by Teemu008 on flickr.com, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 GenericPhoto of Hudson, NY house by Barry Winiker/Photolibrary/Getty ImagesDictionary of Architecture and Construction, Cyril M. Harris, ed., McGraw-Hill, 1975, p. 40The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture, 1980, p. 28

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Examples of How to Write a Good Descriptive Paragraph

Examples of How to Write a Good Descriptive Paragraph A good descriptive paragraph is like a window into another world. Through the use of careful examples or details, an author can conjure a scene that vividly describes a person, place, or thing. The best descriptive writing appeals to multiple senses at once―smell, sight, taste, touch, and hearing―and is found in both fiction and nonfiction. In their own way, each of the following writers (three of them students, two of them professional authors) have selected a belonging or a place that holds special meaning to them. After identifying that subject in a clear topic sentence, they proceed to describe it in detail while explaining its personal significance. A Friendly Clown On one corner of my dresser sits a smiling toy clown on a tiny unicycle―a gift I received last Christmas from a close friend. The clowns short yellow hair, made of yarn, covers its ears but is parted above the eyes. The blue eyes are outlined in black with thin, dark lashes flowing from the brows. It has cherry-red cheeks, nose, and lips, and its broad grin disappears into the wide, white ruffle around its neck. The clown wears a fluffy, two-tone nylon costume. The left side of the outfit is light blue, and the right side is red. The two colors merge in a dark line that runs down the center of the small outfit. Surrounding its ankles and disguising its long black shoes are big pink bows. The white spokes on the wheels of the unicycle gather in the center and expand to the black tire so that the wheel somewhat resembles the inner half of a grapefruit. The clown and unicycle together stand about a foot high. As a cherished gift from my good friend Tran, this colorful figure gree ts me with a smile every time I enter my room. Observe how the writer moves clearly from a description of the head of the clown to the body to the unicycle underneath. There arent just sensory details for the eyes but also touch, in the description that the hair is made of yarn and the suit of nylon. Certain colors are specific, as in cherry-red cheeks and light blue, and descriptions help to visualize the object: the parted hair, the color line on the suit, and the grapefruit analogy. Dimensions overall help to provide the reader with the items scale, and the descriptions of the size of the ruffle and bows on the shoes in comparison to whats nearby provide telling detail. The concluding sentence helps to tie the paragraph together by emphasizing the personal value of this gift. The Blond Guitar by Jeremy Burden My most valuable possession is an old, slightly warped blond guitar―the first instrument I taught myself how to play. Its nothing fancy, just a Madeira folk guitar, all scuffed and scratched and fingerprinted. At the top is a bramble of copper-wound strings, each one hooked through the eye of a silver tuning key. The strings are stretched down a long, slim neck, its frets tarnished, the wood worn by years of fingers pressing chords and picking notes. The body of the Madeira is shaped like an enormous yellow pear, one that was slightly damaged in shipping. The blond wood has been chipped and gouged to gray, particularly where the pick guard fell off years ago. No, its not a beautiful instrument, but it still lets me make music, and for that I will always treasure it. Here, the writer uses a topic sentence to open his paragraph, then uses the following sentences to add specific details. The author creates an image for the minds eye to travel across by describing the parts of the guitar in a logical fashion, from the strings on the head to the worn wood on the body. He emphasizes its condition by the number of different descriptions of the wear on the guitar, such as noting its slight warp; distinguishing between scuffs and scratches; describing the effect that fingers have had on the instrument by wearing down its neck, tarnishing frets, and leaving prints on the body; listing both its chips and gouges and even noting their effects on the color of the instrument. The author even describes the remnants of missing pieces. After all that, he plainly states his affection for it. Gregory by Barbara Carter Gregory is my beautiful gray Persian cat. He walks with pride and grace, performing a dance of disdain as he slowly lifts and lowers each paw with the delicacy of a ballet dancer. His pride, however, does not extend to his appearance, for he spends most of his time indoors watching television and growing fat. He enjoys TV commercials, especially those for Meow Mix and 9 Lives. His familiarity with cat food commercials has led him to reject generic brands of cat food in favor of only the most expensive brands. Gregory is as finicky about visitors as he is about what he eats, befriending some and repelling others. He may snuggle up against your ankle, begging to be petted, or he may imitate a skunk and stain your favorite trousers. Gregory does not do this to establish his territory, as many cat experts think, but to humiliate me because he is jealous of my friends. After my guests have fled, I look at the old fleabag snoozing and smiling to himself in front of the television set, and I have to forgive him for his obnoxious, but endearing, habits. The writer here focuses less on the physical appearance of her pet than on the cats habits and actions. Notice how many different descriptors go into just the sentence about how the cat walks: emotions of pride and disdain and the extended metaphor of the dancer, including the phrases the dance of disdain, grace, and ballet dancer. When you want to portray something through the use of a metaphor, make sure you are consistent, that all the descriptors make sense with that one metaphor. Dont use two different metaphors to describe the same thing, because that makes the image youre trying to portray awkward and convoluted. The consistency adds emphasis and depth to the description. Personification is an effective literary device for giving lifelike detail to an inanimate object or an animal, and Carter uses it to great effect. Look at how much time she spends on the discussions of what the cat takes pride in (or doesnt) and how it comes across in his attitude, with being finicky and jealous, acting to humiliate by spraying, and just overall behaving obnoxiously. Still, she conveys her clear affection for the cat, something to which many readers can relate. The Magic Metal Tube by Maxine Hong Kingston Once in a long while, four times so far for me, my mother brings out the metal tube that holds her medical diploma. On the tube are gold circles crossed with seven red lines each―joy ideographs in abstract. There are also little flowers that look like gears for a gold machine. According to the scraps of labels with Chinese and American addresses, stamps, and postmarks, the family airmailed the can from Hong Kong in 1950. It got crushed in the middle, and whoever tried to peel the labels off stopped because the red and gold paint came off too, leaving silver scratches that rust. Somebody tried to pry the end off before discovering that the tube falls apart. When I open it, the smell of China flies out, a thousand-year-old bat flying heavy-headed out of the Chinese caverns where bats are as white as dust, a smell that comes from long ago, far back in the brain. This paragraph opens the third chapter of Maxine Hong Kingstons The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts, a lyrical account of a Chinese-American girl growing up in California. Notice how Kingston integrates informative and descriptive details in this account of the metal tube that holds her mothers diploma from medical school. She uses color, shape, texture (rust, missing paint, pry marks, and scratches), and smell, where she has a particularly strong metaphor that surprises the reader with its distinctness. The last sentence in the paragraph (not reproduced here) is more about the smell; closing the paragraph with this aspect adds emphasis to it. The order of the description is also logical, as the first response to the closed object is how it looks rather than how it smells when opened. Inside District School #7, Niagara County, New York by Joyce Carol Oates Inside, the school smelled smartly of varnish and wood smoke from the potbellied stove. On gloomy days, not unknown in upstate New York in this region south of Lake Ontario and east of Lake Erie, the windows emitted a vague, gauzy light, not much reinforced by ceiling lights. We squinted at the blackboard, that seemed far away since it was on a small platform, where Mrs. Dietzs desk was also positioned, at the front, left of the room. We sat in rows of seats, smallest at the front, largest at the rear, attached at their bases by metal runners, like a toboggan; the wood of these desks seemed beautiful to me, smooth and of the red-burnished hue of horse chestnuts. The floor was bare wooden planks. An American flag hung limply at the far left of the blackboard and above the blackboard, running across the front of the room, designed to draw our eyes to it avidly, worshipfully, were paper squares showing that beautifully shaped script known as Parker Penmanship. In this paragraph (originally published in Washington Post Book World and reprinted in ​Faith of a Writer: Life, Craft, Art,) Joyce Carol Oates affectionately describes the one-room schoolhouse she attended from first through fifth grades. Notice how she appeals to our sense of smell before moving on to describe the layout and contents of the room. When you walk into a place, its overall smell hits you immediately, if its pungent, even before youve taken in the whole area with your eyes. Thus this choice of chronology for this descriptive paragraph is also a logical order of narration, even though it differs from the Hong Kingston paragraph. It allows the reader to imagine the room just as if he or she was walking into it. The positioning of items in relation to other items is on full display in this paragraph, to give people a clear vision of the layout of the place as a whole. For the objects inside, she uses many descriptors of what materials they are made from. Note the imagery portrayed by the use of the phrases gauzy light, toboggan, and horse chestnuts. You can imagine the emphasis placed on penmanship study by the description of their quantity, the deliberate location of the paper squares, and the desired effect upon the students brought about by this location. Source Oates, Joyce Carol. The Faith of a Writer: Life, Craft, Art. Kindle Edition, Reprint edition, HarperCollins e-books, March 17, 2009.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Christian College Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Christian College - Personal Statement Example In my opinion, Christian colleges offer not only pure value based education but also they teach the students to live a holistic life. In fact, this is the reason that most of the top executives of a nation have got educated from Christian schools and colleges. They combine education with leadership in a more meaningful manner. It is not only that Christian colleges are rated among the top for the educational achievements, but also that they have the best campus. For instance, if we take into consideration the environmental aspect, it can be noted that these are the campuses where more greenery will be seen. As a result of this the learning environment is very congenial. While many college students come to campus believing that protecting the environment has little to do with their beliefs, many are having their eyes opened to a greener world when they get into a Christian college. According to Peter Illyn, the founder of Restoring Eden, a parachurch ministry in La Center, Washington that's because "Christian campuses are considered theologically safe places where new ideas can be examined and tested,". When it comes to the faculty, it is noteworthy to mention that Christian institutions present the most qualified teaching faculty. In fact, when these colleges appoint the faculty, they look into the experience as well as the value based leadership the teacher can provide to the students.

Friday, October 18, 2019

The first machine age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The first machine age - Essay Example In addition, the development of the printing press technology meant that the public had a variety of sources to get information from, apart from the church – all these changes brought a lot of inspiration especially on the arena of aesthetic (Banham, 1980). Just like the Machine Age, the architects and other designers had an assortment of materials to choose from, unlike in the ancient times when this was limited. Designers started to adopt things that they could call their own, and this led to the development of various artistic movements such as purism, Nouveau, De Stijl, Constructivism, Bauhaus, and Scandinavian. All these movements brought about a lot of impacts on different fields of visual worlds including architecture, furniture, graphic designs, art, life style, and so on (Banham, 1980). This paper will briefly discuss each of these movements and then delve into some of the symbolic examples from these movements, which have made a key impact on different kinds of conte mporary designs. Purism Purism was an alternative of Cubism, and was an inspiration of mechanization. During the machine age, two French artists (Amedee Ozenfant [1886-1966] and Edouard Jeanneret [1886-1965]) provided a response to the fascination and perplexity of pure functionality. The two artists expressed their belief in the significance of artistic rigour, impersonality and precision under the label of Purism. The two French artists who were later known as Le Corbusier sought a more rational elucidation of Cubism, beyond its symbolic and literary baggage and decorative or dynamic motivation. The aim of purist theory was to reinstate painting to an archaic purity in which case representation would be logical, geometrical and patently obvious. The aesthetic of industrial technology and machines was used to model this ideal of essentiality and efficiency in art, which Le Corbusier suggested as a possible repertory of plastic forms (Matteson Art, n.d). : Figure 1: Le Corbusier,  oil on canvas,  1926 The major objective of their work was to provide an illustration of collective values such as asceticism, order and lucidity. Part of their manifesto stated that the utmost pleasure of the human spirit was the recognition of order and the utmost fulfillment of humans was to be experienced in assisting in production, or being an essential part of this order. As shown in figure 1, their paintings were somewhat completely still life representations of domestic components including pipes, jugs, and glasses. Evidently described against a straightforward perspectives level surface, their works complied with a ‘a general grammar of sensibility’ that standardized creative relationships, simplified forms, and drew away emotivity and accident in replacement with chromatic fields and a synthesis of lines. In October 1920, Le Corbusier together with the poet Paul Dermee introduced a review in order to publish their purist and rational principles. This led to publishing of L'Esprit Nouveau magazine for 5 years on a regular basis, until 1925. This publication, perhaps, succeeded in making an original contribution to the avant-garde European movements, which worked better than the earlier repetitive paintings that were produced by Le Corbusier (Marshall, 2008). Art Nouveau Art Nouveau was a movement that was associated with decorative architecture and arts in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Europe. This movement, which

ITM501 MoD 1 SLPMgt Infor & Bus Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ITM501 MoD 1 SLPMgt Infor & Bus Strategy - Essay Example The Mozilla Firefox provides numerous features that are convenient for every Internet user. Many prefer this web browser to others because it is fast and makes surfing more convenient with the Google toolbar. With this, one can open different tabs, thus, being in a better position to collect some adequate information on a subject. When tabs are closed, the Mozilla Firefox offers an opportunity to retrieve the history and restore it back. The Mozilla Firefox creates a strong platform for users to restore the last session and all the closed tabs even when systems crash. In the 21st century, this web browser provides a built spell checker to correct texts and email automatically. Firefox has many features such as a phishing detector, a sandbox security model, and a tool option to clear all the private information or data. These features are designed to boost security especially on a private site used in the workplace. Still, some people prefer using this web browser when using social ne tworking sites such as Twitter or Facebook. Sea Monkey is a free Web browser, which some users prefer in today’s society. Although the web browser is not commonly used, there are some features that attract a small segment of people. These features include the high support of multiple accounts, message filters, junk mail, a dictionary, customized labels, and an address book. These features help one to multitask and correct grammar mistakes. Still, this web browser is the most convenient because one can document some notes or memo while still searching for information in the Internet. Many prefer this web browser since it supports basic text styling and text formatting, insertion of images and hyperlinks, and creation of tables. Since this browser is built on the code of Mozilla’s sources, its Internet browser benefits most from the Mozilla security functions. This browser safeguards online threats such as root kits, fraudulent phishing websites, and viruses. One can als o update new security updates from the Sea Monkey site. This web browser is easy to install, access, and utilize (Lemay & Colburn, 2011). Opera Web Browser is a known browser established by Opera Software with over a million users across the globe. This browser handles common Internet tasks such as interpreting HTML and Web Sites. This browser uses a new interface that offers a device a sleek and modern appearance, which attracts many users to utilize it. The most important thing about this browser is that it saves money of data charges because Opera Mini utilizes a fraction of the data utilized by other browsers. It is an ultimate browser because it has the ability to delete private data just like other web browsers such as Mozilla. The most appealing and attractive features include page zooming, tabbed browsing, mouse gestures, and an integrated download manager. When a computer crashes, the user is in a better position to retrieve the tabs that were running. With this, this brows er is appealing to many as it offers a great opportunity to enjoy the benefits offered by other browsers that are commonly used in today’s society such as Mozilla Firefox. So, the common similarities of these browsers include the following: they all can retrieve the lost data and history, thus giving the user an easy opportunity to restore and access the lost information. Secondly, the three browsers can delete private da

Leadership and management issues that might occur in SABMiller Essay

Leadership and management issues that might occur in SABMiller takeover of Fosters - Essay Example The Leadership styles and the organization culture though are quite similar between these cultures yet there are some major differences which can be lethal if not looked into. The British business culture is more formal and there approach is more money oriented while they like to engage in work with people. The management and leadership put more emphasis on organization structure having defined hierarchy and ranks. This approach leads to an organization in which employees have to adhere to strict norms and follow rules while interacting within the organization. Australians on the other hand are less formal and casual in situations, they are more motivated by the organization itself rather than people working around them. The managers like to take direct part in the employee progress and have an environment similar to a coaching culture. They are more performance oriented rather than power oriented indicating that if SABMiller management will have certain issues while making policies and decisions regarding organizational changes. Fosters employees can face lack of motivation when made to work in teams, changing their approach towards monetary returns, int eract formally with peers within the organization and maintain a formal attitude throughout the working day. Management has to employee Change managers typically familiar with both these cultures so as to keep a balance and achieve a balanced workforce. The leadership in UK is more keen on monetary results i.e. they base success on the result on the financial return the team or employee brought rather than the performance in the situation. This leadership style can be troublesome for the Australian employees. ABC.net. (September 22, 201). Unions worried about Fosters job losses. Available: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-09-22/unions-worried-about-fosters-job-losses/2911742/?site=northandwest. Last accessed 10th OCT

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Public Management and Administration Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Public Management and Administration - Case Study Example It involves a full analysis of all possible factors and several steps that are objective and lead to a well thought out decision. President Obama’s decision fits into the rational comprehensive model because the President had to act quick but by looking at the potential risks that the Sunni militant’s threat posed and the advantages and disadvantages of the White House decision on the threat. President Obama satisficed in his decision to send airstrikes and humanitarian airdrops of food and water. President Obama’s decision was made after intense deliberations over the militant’s threat on the Kurdish Capital, Erbil to ensure that the threat did not result to a genocide situation. After being informed about the situation by the chairperson of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the President did not make the decision straight away. He engaged in crisis meetings with his security and intelligence advisers on the situation, the choices that he had to consider, the advantages and disadvantages of these choices and how each of these choices would have affected the militants, the people in Erbil and the United States of America. These deliberations helped the president make the decision on the issue that was urgent by virtue of the fact that many people were at risk of losing their lives and the danger of mass property destruction (Landler, Rubin Mazzetti & Cooper, 2014). President Obama’s first analysis was the risk that the threat posed. American citizens comprising of diplomats and business people in Erbil were at risk. The local people in Erbil were also at risk. The businesses and properties in Erbil were at risk of destruction from the militants. Most importantly, the decision that the white house was going to make could put Obama’s political career at risk but people’s lives and destruction of mass property were more important that President Obama’s political career. President Obama’s decision after the deliberations with security and

Participation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Participation - Essay Example They believe that the sole authority of one’s life is the person himself and hence he should be allowed to take decisions whether to continue his life or not. The above argument seems to be a convincing one when we analyse it in a glance. But when we analyse it more deeply we will identify the difficulties associated with such claims. A person who is allowed to terminate his life may have lot of social and family commitments. He might be a father, a son, or a brother to somebody and he has some moral responsibilities to all these relatives. Moreover, when we analyse this case on religious terms, again we cannot support one’s decision to commit suicide. Life is a precious thing given to the human by the creator and no human so far succeeded in creating an artificial life. Only the creator has the authority to destroy or modify his creations and hence only God has the authority to take our life back as per the religious beliefs. So in normal case, if he commits suicide, i t cannot be accepted as a moral or ethical activity. At the same time, consider the same person in a pathetic condition, suffering from lot of pain due to chronic diseases. If he is in a no hope condition or the doctors have written off his case, (say in a paralysed condition with lot of pain and incapable of doing anything without the help of others), he can seek the assistance of a physician to terminate his life (Physician assisted suicide). In such cases, it cannot be considered as a normal suicide. In other words, a suicide can be justified if the person was in a no hope condition with nobody to assist him and the medical science has written off his case. Moreover, the morality and ethics behind an action depends on a person’s belief in some cases. In the above example itself, if the person happens to be a nonbeliever in God or religion, then his decision to seek the help of a physician to terminate his life because of pathetic conditions might be

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Public Management and Administration Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Public Management and Administration - Case Study Example It involves a full analysis of all possible factors and several steps that are objective and lead to a well thought out decision. President Obama’s decision fits into the rational comprehensive model because the President had to act quick but by looking at the potential risks that the Sunni militant’s threat posed and the advantages and disadvantages of the White House decision on the threat. President Obama satisficed in his decision to send airstrikes and humanitarian airdrops of food and water. President Obama’s decision was made after intense deliberations over the militant’s threat on the Kurdish Capital, Erbil to ensure that the threat did not result to a genocide situation. After being informed about the situation by the chairperson of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the President did not make the decision straight away. He engaged in crisis meetings with his security and intelligence advisers on the situation, the choices that he had to consider, the advantages and disadvantages of these choices and how each of these choices would have affected the militants, the people in Erbil and the United States of America. These deliberations helped the president make the decision on the issue that was urgent by virtue of the fact that many people were at risk of losing their lives and the danger of mass property destruction (Landler, Rubin Mazzetti & Cooper, 2014). President Obama’s first analysis was the risk that the threat posed. American citizens comprising of diplomats and business people in Erbil were at risk. The local people in Erbil were also at risk. The businesses and properties in Erbil were at risk of destruction from the militants. Most importantly, the decision that the white house was going to make could put Obama’s political career at risk but people’s lives and destruction of mass property were more important that President Obama’s political career. President Obama’s decision after the deliberations with security and

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Logistics and Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Logistics and Supply Chain Management - Essay Example Supply chain management is therefore the process of controlling the system of downstream and upstream organizations of material, information. These processes are the ones that assist in the manufacture of products and services for customers. Logistics is the word for all the processes involved in getting the right product, in the right way, quality and quantity, in the right time, for the right customer and at the right cost . Many scholars have tried to clarify the difference between logistics and supply chain management. From their works, we can analyze that supply chain management was derived from logistics. From the traditionalist point of view, supply chain management is a part of logistics. In the traditionalist view, the latter is the wider field. In a unionist view, logistics is a part of supply chain management since the latter is a wider concept. However, a more neutral ‘intersectionist’ approach has emerged which states that logistics and supply chain manageme nt are interrelated disciplines since both can be applied to the benefit of the company in terms of cost savings and enhancing the service . Any supply chain, be it straightforward or complex, begins with the customer and ends with the customer. The chain begins with the customer since the client must first make a commitment to buy the product being sold. By contacting the office, a sales order for the required quantity is prepared. If the product is to be manufactured, the sales order is taken to the production plan and it includes the requirements that need to be fulfilled. Planning is the next step. In planning, the company creates a production plan which will effectively manage the process and make sure it runs smoothly and effectively. The next step is purchasing. Here, the company receives the list of raw material needed to make the customer’s request and the purchasing department writes and sends out purchasing orders to their preferred suppliers to provide the necessa ry items within the set time. Inventory is the next step. Here, the company checks the quality and accuracy of the materials received from the suppliers. They also record the materials into their inventory management system and take them for storage. The supplier then sends an invoice for the items delivered. While following the production plan previously written, the raw materials are moved to the production floor. In the production floor, the company transforms these raw materials into the finished goods. The final items are tested to make sure they meet the standards of both the company and the client then stored in the warehouse. The final step is delivery of the items to the customer. Here, the shipping department ascertains the best way to ship the products to the customer. After delivery, the customer signs to accept delivery and the company sends an invoice for the delivered goods to the customer. Comparative Profiles of the Organizations This research paper gives a comparis on of two companies involved in the distribution and supply of grocery. One is Seal Honey and the other goes by the name Fresh Mart. These two companies are head to head competitors. They sell the same products and there is no much difference in their pricing. Both companies have been in the industry for

Monday, October 14, 2019

Characteristics of Competition and Price

Characteristics of Competition and Price MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION Monopolistic competition is the market structure in which there is keen competition, but neither perfect nor pure, among large number producer or supplier. Monopolistic competition is the mixture of perfect competition and a certain degree of monopoly. Monopolistic competition lies between two extreme points perfect competition and monopoly. Characteristics of monopolistic competition: large no of seller Product differentiation: it is the distinguish feature of monopolistic competition, that product of each seller is branded and identified. A firm has limited degree of control over the market as relatively small percentage of total market is shared by the individual firm. large number of buyers there is free entry of firms two dimensional competition price competition non- price competition negative sloping demand curve: firms demand curve (or AR curve) slopes downward to right Price competition: Price competition occurs when firms compete by selling identical or similar product. Seller compete each other on the basis of lowering the price. Price competition happens mainly in three types of market monopolistic, duopoly oligopoly. The other two types of market does not compete with price because in monopoly the firm is equal to industry hence it decides the price of product where as in perfect competition the price is decided by the market and an individual cannot affect the price of the product. Price elasticity of demand in different market with respect to market Monopolistic market: the demand elasticity in monopolistic competition is highly elastic in long run. Because a slight change in price may change the demand of product in long run. Oligopoly: there are only few sellers in the market which does not affect the market. Therefore the elasticity of demand is relative elastic in this type of market. Duopoly: there are only two sellers in the market which does not affect much of demand therefore the demand is relative elastic. CROSS PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND: Cross price elasticity measure the responsiveness in the quantity demanded of one good to change in the price of another good. Substitute has positive cross price elasticity. It exist in monopoly, duopoly and oligopoly as the product are close substitute to each other in the market and there is slight change in the price of the product will increase the price for another product. NON PRICE COMPETITION: non-price competition depends on making a product different from those of competitors and by giving it distinctive qualities that are valued by the target HE market. These might include branding, styling, special features or higher levels of customer service. Such factors can allow a premium price to be charged while still offering target customers Competitive value-for-money.the firms are engage in non price competition, the most prominent form being advertising. The market which is affected by non price factors is monopolistic competition and oligopoly. This happens because most firms are engaged in non price competition in spite of the additional cost involved, because non price factors usually more profitable than selling for a lower price and avoid the risk of a price war. NON PRICE FACTOR AFFECTING DEMAND Income of the consumer Price of related goods Change in taste of consumer The expectation of buyer may change Change in the number of buyer. NON PRICE FACTOR AFFECTING SUPPLY Change in the input cost Change in the technology Change in expectation of consumer Change in the number of seller. NON PRICE COMPETITION AND ITS EXISTANCE PERFECT COMPETITION: all the products are homogenous in nature there is no point of non-price competition as it will not make a difference. MONOPOLY: there is only one producer in monopolistic competition thus the concept of non-price competition does not apply. In Monopolistic competition oligopoly non-price competition is applicable. Product differentiation: a situation where a producer or firm tries to win over the market or increase its market share by adding certain features to the product so that it becomes different form the other products. Features of product differentiation. Technical standards-this refer to the aspect s to how advance is the product in terms of the current state of technology. For example if youre purchasing PC then this point would play a very vital role in the consideration. Quality standards- this refers to the quality of raw material used in the product whether it be related to the manufacturing r the assembling if the product, as this directly effects the durability if the product and therefore its usefulness and life. Therefore the quality of the product plays a very important role in non-price competition. Design standards-it refers to the overall structure of the product that is provided in the market by a customer. This can play a vital role in attracting the customers. As the product provided has to be aesthetically good. Thus the producers can try and make a better design standard of their product. Service standards-this point generally refers to the after services given to the customers after the purchase has been made them and thus if the after sales provided to a customer is good by any company then the level of satisfaction also will be high. Advantages of non-price competition The quality of the product is in focus which helps companies to become unique and diffentiate from other rival companies. The design and distinguishing features of goods and services offered in the marketplace matches the demand and needs of the people in that area. The location of distribution for targeted customers is given importance. Goods reach buyers matching their own convenience and needs. Offers innovation like on-line shopping. Good for people that just stop during meals and sleep Marketers think out of the box in order to attract customers to be interested in what they are offering instead of their competitor. Types of product differentiation: Vertical product differentiation- this can be defined as where a product differs from the product that its rival firm produces in terms of quality. Horizontal product differentiation- this can be defined as when a product differs from the rivals products, although the quality of the product seems to be of the similar nature.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Ethics in Machiavellis The Prince Essay -- Machiavelli The Prince

Ethics in Machiavelli's The Prince Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) was an Italian statesman and political philosopher. He was employed on diplomatic missions as defence secretary of the Florentine republic, and was tortured when the Medici returned to power in 1512. When he retired from public life he wrote his most famous work, The Prince (1532), which describes the means by which a leader may gain and maintain power. The Prince has had a long and chequered history and the number of controversies that it has generated is indeed surprising. Almost every ideology has tried to appropriate it for itself - as a result everyone from Clement VII to Mussolini has laid claim to it. Yet there were times when it was terribly unpopular. Its author was seen to be in league with the devil and the connection between 'Old Nick' and Niccolo Machiavelli was not seen as merely nominal. The Elizabethans conjured up the image of the 'murdering Machiavel' [1] and both the Protestants and the later Catholics held his book responsible for evil things. Any appraisal of the book therefore involved some ethical queasiness. Modern scholarship may have removed the stigma of devilry from Machiavelli, but it still seems uneasy as to his ethical position. Croce [2] and some of his admirers like Sheldon Wolin [3] and Federic Chabod [4] have pointed out the existence of an ethics-politics dichotomy in Machiavelli. Isaiah Berlin [5] postulates a system of morality outside the Christian ethical schema. Ernst Cassirer [6] calls him a cold technical mind implying that his attitude to politics would not necessarily involve ethics. And Macaulay [7] sees him as a man of his time going by the actual ethical positions of Quattrocento Italy. In the face of s... ...erlin, Isaiah. The Question of Machiavelli. New York Review, November 4, 1971. 6. Cassirer, Ernst. Implications of the New Theory of the State (from The Myth Of The State) 7. Macaulay, Thomas Babington. Machiavelli http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1850Macaulay-machiavelli.html 8. Berlin, Isaiah. Ibid. 9. Machiavelli. Il Principe Ch XVIII 'Yet as I have said before, not to diverge from the good if he can avoid it, but to know how to set about it if compelled.' Trans. Marriott. The Project Gutenberg Internet Edition. 10. Erasmus. The Education of a Prince, quoted in J. R. Hale, Renaissance Europe 1480-1520 p. 309 11. Hale p. 308 12. Macaulay. Ibid. 13. Whitfield, J. H. Big Words, Exact Meanings. 14. Aristotle. Nichomachean Ethics. [trans. Sir David Ross] 15. Machiavelli. Discourses on Livy Ch XXVII, Project Gutenberg Internet Edition